Beh Final Project Free Essays

Interview profile Interview profile Description of Interviewee Name: Irina Dinova Age: 26 Race: Asian Marital Status: Married with two children Irina is a 26 years Old Russian female; she is my sister- in-law, who I knew nine years ago after she married my brother. She has two children, and she works in retail as an overnight stocker. I had interviewed Irina on 11/30/2012 at 3:00 PM, by asking her multiple questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Beh Final Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now The interview was as follows: 1. Do you remember information accurately by observing how a behavior is performed or read about how the behavior is performed? Irina rather to learn from observing the behavior, she said that her behavior turned from good to bad, when she started socializing with a group of Indian girls at college. She observed them smoking, drinking, and even cheating on their men. As a result, Irina started smoking, drinking, and having multiple boyfriends. Now, Irina is addicted to smoking, and drinking caused by vicarious reinforcement and those were her Indian friends at college, who she does not socialize with now. Irina likewise shared another story which she learned from punishment. After she had gotten married at a young age (18 years old), she had conflict with the husband that resulted on their separation. She rented her own house along with her child, and had a strong friendship with an African American guy. Time pass and her relationship with her husband started establishing, but one day she was observed by her husband in the house with her friend. The husband automatically misunderstood and misjudged Irina, as he even wanted to suicide afterwards. After the incident, the husband had been admitted into the mental hospital for attempting to suicide. After a month, she got back with the husband, and as a result of her husband negative behavior and attitude toward the friendship with a man, she learned to avoid the possibility of a punishing consequence (avoidance training), by not making a friendship with a man. In the other hand, Irina did not like the way she learned through the above experience as it will be an unforgotten implicit memory because it had caused anxiety, embarrassment, and stress, instead she prefers to learn through operant conditioning (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 2. Do you prefer studying at the library, or at home with noisy background and distraction? Irina said that she prefers learning in the library instead home with a noisy backgrounds and distraction. She mentioned that her attention is fully active while studying in a the library, which is a quiet place, but where there is a distraction, her attention drops to a lower level, as she does not remembers the material studied. Irina remembers information more accurately without any distraction that unable the information to be stored in the long term memory after rehearsed and stored by the short term memory (University of Phoenix, 2010). One thing she mentioned that she does forget some information because of proactive interference. Definitely, information related to her culture, tradition, and religion will be remembered for life (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 3. Are you willing to take the Myers Briggs test and report the results? If so, do you think the results are accurate? Why or why not? Irina had taken the Myers Briggs test, and her results were ESTJ (Extroverted, Sensing. Thinking, Judging), and it stated that she is very responsible and pillar of strength (University of Phoenix, 2010). Irina agreed to the results of the test and she said that she had used logic, or compensatory model to make a decision on the answer that best describe her personality. Furthermore, she found the test reliable, stable and valid, and these are her second time taking it, as she took the test before in 2010 with the same results. Besides, she is always been described that way by her family and friends (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). . What are the experiences do you think had contributed most in the growth of your personality? Irina thinks that personal unconscious of negative and positive life experiences, collective unconscious from diversity, and unconditional positive regard (University of Phoenix, 2010), by the husband had contributed the most in the growth of her personality. She also believe that her own believe of principles, and been a natural leader had contributed to the development of her personality as well. Additionally, Irina personality grew through socializing with group of people, harsh life experiences, involvement on her husband’s culture, and life responsibilities, like her two children and husband (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 5. Do you feel that you are self-monitoring in regards of your attitude? Irina mentioned that she has low-self-monitors in regard (University of Phoenix, 2010) of her attitude. She said that she display sensitive controls congruent with her own internal states such as attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions. She fails to control her negative attitude, and she has to respond in that particular moment or it will be very disturbance for a while (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 6. What do you feel was the strongest influence on your attitude? The strongest influence on Irina’s’ attitude will be her parents. Irina blames her parents for her negative attitude because she was mentally and physically abused while she was a child, but she refuses to abuse her children. I have to agree with Irina, when she said that punishment is a better way to rise up your children, not abuse. Another strongest influence of her positive attitude will be her husband. She mentioned that her husband kindness, caress, and forgiveness had motivated her to change her life for better, by focusing more on her family, and peruse an education, by obtaining a career on arts (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 7. What role do you think of a person’s race, gender, or ethnicity play when performing that person’s personality and attitudes? Irina believes that a person’s race, gender, or ethnicity play a role in forming someone’s’ personality and attitude. She said that she had never experienced prejudice and discrimination until she had immigrated to the Unites States. She said that she was prejudiced and discriminated (University of Phoenix, 2010). at school, by a group of African Americans, and they called her names like â€Å" Russian girl† and say unpleasant words to her e. g â€Å" we are not in Russia†, â€Å" go back to Russia†, or â€Å" speak English†. Additionally, she was stereotype by her husband, as he said to her that her duties, as a married woman is to clean, cook, and raise the children, but she did not respect that opinion because in the U. S. culture a woman can work and be involved in business. Thus, she believes that a person’s personality and attitude solely depend on the culture, norms. Irina’s’ culture differs from her husband, as they are both from different countries. Irina’s husband is Algerian and has its own culture norm, values, and believe, which differ from Irina. For instance in Irina’s husband culture: a woman is prohibited to drink alcohol, or smoke, while in Irina’s’ culture is verse versa. As a result, many negative attitudes formed, in both Irina and her husband, caused by culture conflicts. Another culture conflict between Irina and her husband was circumcising her baby boy. In Irina’s culture, they do not circumcise, while in her husband’s culture, they circumcise the child after he turns four years old, which will be a big party celebration. Irina had refused to make her husbands’’ wish come true, which had formed a negative attitude from the situation in both Irina and her husband. She said that her husband still insisting and he will not let it go because it was something he was looking forward too, but Irina does not believe in circumcising, as she said that she will never allow it (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). 8. Do you find yourself better at tasks when intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated? Irina said that she is definitely motivated extrinsically (University of Phoenix, 2010) better in most cases. However, she can also work on proprieties tasks without been extrinsically motivated. Conversely, in Irina’s words: â€Å"new things get old fast, I’m always searching for new motivations and thinking of new ways to accomplish my tasks. † (Personal communication, 11/30/2012). She also said that she hates her job, but she extrinsically motivated because of the money that will be earned. Irina referred to when she was six years old, her parents used rewards, when she obtains an A at school, but she gets punished when she obtains a lower grade. She said that the rewards and punishment had motivated her to always seek an A grade at school, and nothing less (Irina Dinova, personal communication, November 30, 2012). In conclusion, I have to say that the interview with Irina has been such a wonderful experience. It had helped me to study and learn others behavior causes like personality and attitude, by implementing information learned throughout the course materials. Irina was very patient, comfortable, open, and honest during the interview process. Therefore, I am convinced that all her answers were accurate. References University of Phoenix. (2010). Cognition and Mental Abilities. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Memory. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Motivation and Emotion. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Personality. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website University of Phoenix. (2010). Social Psychology. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BEH/225 website How to cite Beh Final Project, Papers

Short Paper free essay sample

President Jackson was tasked with a difficult decision: leave the Indians be, avoiding conflict but hampering progress and growth, or force them to move west of the Mississippi so that settlers, merchants, and other trailblazers can take their place, allowing for a greater degree of expansion. Obviously, Jackson chose the latter option. This decision was not Jacksons alone, however. As president, his responsibility was to implement policies that properly reflected the attitudes, beliefs, and sentiments of the American people at the time.Thus, the decision of the Jackson administration to move these Cherokees and other Indian tribes west was able to be morally justified y both himself and the majority of the American people at the time, even if the decision garnered a great deal of criticism, especially today. The most famous and sweeping of these relocations was aptly named the Trail of Tears. The Trail of Tears, essentially, was the path taken by most Indians to get to their homes on reservations across the Mississippi River (Wallace 221-223). This Trail of Tears led to almost 2,000 deaths for the Cherokees alone, which were the largest of the Indian tribes and, thus, one Of the most affected by the Trail of Tears (Purdue and Green 139). The Trail of Tears, therefore, was just as much of a political and emotional plight for the Cherokee and other Indian tribes as it was a physical one, especially in terms of the sheer body count, in addition to being forced from their homes.However, while the decision to relocate the Indians was a difficult and unfortunate one, it was not, necessarily, taken without cause. The prevailing reason for believing this is because Jacksons decision to move the Cherokees west, along with many other native American tribes, resulted from necessity, rather than mere politics. As such, this decision was viewed as a generally favorable one, even if a number of people were saddened that these Native Americans were being uprooted. However, just as Jacksons decision to relocate the Cherokee had implications for his own administration, it would also have implications for every citizen of America at that time, both in direct and indirect ways. For example, if the Cherokee leave their currently inhabited land, more farmers can use that land to grow crops and raise cattle, and as a result, the price of goods will, theoretically, be reduced, allowing for easier living (Purdue and Green 47-48). This is just one of many reasons that the decision to relocate the Cherokee was made, and it was not made lightly.Even though it was a regrettable decision, it was one that America stood by. The removal of the Indians was symbolic for the American people as well, however. Although many Cherokee and Indians from other tribes died on this trail, Americans considered this removal of the Indians, for better or worse, to only be the start of American colonization of the country, and, as a result, many Americans took this philosophy to an extreme after the Indians had been ousted from their native homelands.This change of sentiment seemed to occur practically overnight, because although the Jackson administrations decision to relocate the Cherokee reflected popular notions at the time, these notions changed even more after they had been relocated, making the relocation something of a spark that ignited pro-American sentiment in much of the population. These actions, initially, were a response to increasing conflicts between settlers and Native Americans, yet, by the end of the relocation of the Cherokee, the sentiment itself had been reformed to that of devout manifest destiny.The Jackson Administration ;s decision to relocate the Cherokee was indeed more of a reformation of national policy and sentiments. The simple reason for this is that there are clear differences in both policy and sentiments prior to, during, and after the relocation, and this shift in sentiments and policy are what greatly contributed to an increase in Native American relocation efforts during this general time period (Pierce 22-25).This state of mind is considered by many to be callous and has led to a great amount of criticism as to the actual methods utilized to remove the Indians. Counter-arguments o this mode of thinking cite the increasing tensions and conflicts that were arising between settlers and Indians prior to their removal. In many respects, the removal of the Indians was done for their own good, in order to prevent continued casualties on both sides.In any case, the morality, or lack thereof, of the Trail of Tears, along with all other Indian removal and relocation efforts, will be debated for centuries to come. What cannot be debated is the tragedy that was the Trail of Tears. Relocation or no, the death toll for what should have been a simple relocation was far too high. Obviously, alternative solutions should have been more seriously considered, such as segmenting the trail, as well as the exodus itself, into more manageable and regulated groups, minimizing deaths and improving (if only slightly) relations with these Indians.As it is, the Trail of Tears is considered to be one of the deadliest events in the 1 9th century, and, ironically, there was little blood actually spilled by other men. The prominence of the Trail of Tears within American history is almost more of a philosophical inclusion, as it reflects many of the worldviews held by Americans during this mime, especially regarding manifest destiny, xenophobia, and the superiority Of the white man.

Jack Roosevelt Robinson free essay sample

From at a young age Jackie was very into sports and due to this fact he was very upset with he and his family moving. This move however did not inhibit his ambition to be an athlete though. He played baseball, basketball, football, and ran track while attending the University of California in Los Angels. He was one of the top players on the football team as well as the only athlete to letter in four different sports. Unfortunately Jackie left college before getting a chance to graduate due to financial problems but not before meeting his future wife Rachel.After his departure from UCLA he began working for the National Youth Administration at a work camp but it soon closed down and in 1941 he joined the Honolulu Bears, a professional football team in Honolulu Hawaii. He was then drafted into the U. S. Army where he was refused admission to the Officer Candidate School. We will write a custom essay sample on Jack Roosevelt Robinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He fought this until he was finally accepted and graduated as a first lieutenant. He was in the Army from 1941 until 1944 and was stationed in Kansas and Fort Hood, Texas.During the time he was stationed in Kansas he worked with a boxer named Joe Louis so that he could eight against unfair treatment towards African-Americans in the military and when training in Fort Hood, Texas he refused to go to the back of the public bus and was court-martial for insubordination. Due to this he never made it to Europe with his unit and in 1944 he received an honorable discharge. After he left the Army he joined the Kansas City Monarchs, an all African American baseball team inside of the Negro League.Due to low pay and constant traveling he decided he did not want to make baseball a career even though he was one of the top players. Until 1947 only white players were allowed in Major League Baseball but in 1945 Clyde Superhero who was a scout for Branch Rickety who was the Brooklyn Dodgers club president had been looking for an African-American player and was watching Jackie fo r a while. Rickety signed Jackie to play for the Dodgers minor league team named the Montreal Royals. Jackie was emotionally tired but he enjoyed and appreciated all the support from the fans in this Canadian city because it was so different from the verbal abuse he had before experienced. Jackie Robinson was 27 years Old with an extremely bad temper when he finally Egan playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Rickety went to Jackie with an agreement. He simply asked him to try to control his temper for the first few years and he even called him bad names in which he knew would be yelled Jackasss way in order for him understand the kind of abuse he would be facing.With that, Jackie Robinson agreed and this was the beginning of a very big change in baseball history. The movie 42 begins in 1946. Jackie played his first game on April 15, 1 947 playing first base. He played first base for his entire rookie year but most of his career was spent playing second base. There were many games where he also played third base and outfield. Jackie so far had kept his agreement with Rickety until during a game the umpire said to him, go back to the jungle you little Niger! When this caused him to punch the umpire in the face. After this incident many of the Dodger players felt uncomfortable playing with Jackie and told Dodger management that they would rather strike then play with a black man like Jackie. This madness ended once management told the players that if they truly felt that way they were more than welcome to look for jobs elsewhere. Jackie became close friends with fellow teammate Pee Wee Reese. In a game with Cincinnati the players started yelling things to Jackie and then to Pee Wee. Pee Wee heard one of the players yell, How can you play with this Niger? so Pee Wee walked over to Jackie who was standing at first base, smiled and put his arm around him. The two then became known as a defensive team but of course the harassment did not stop there. Both players and fans continued to verbally harass him. Some pitchers threw balls at him Sometimes even at his head. Base runners attempted to cut him with their elate. One team in particular; the Philadelphia Phillips were extremely abusive with the support of their manager who was Ben Chapman.When the Dodgers played the Phillips on April 22nd the Phillips players continuously yelled at Jackie making upsetting remarks at him. It was not long after that Baseball Commissioner A. B. Happy Chandler admonished the Phillips and asked Jackie to pose for a picture with Chapman. He thought it would make good publicity. Although neither Jackie nor Chapman refused it was something neither of the two truly wanted to do. Jackie made the Major League Baseball minimum salary of 55,000 his rookie year. It is to be said that he played 151 games hit . 97, was the league leader of stolen bases with a total of 29 and nine times stealing home base. He was awarded Rookie of the Year and in 1 949 was awarded by the National League as Most Valuable Player and batting leader with a . 342. In 1955 Jackie was on the downside of his career but it was during his prime that he had finally became respected as a player. He had led the Dodgers to their first World Series in 1 947 with 5 following short after. His Major League career was very short considering he entered the Major League at age 27.This was difficult because as he aged he became easily injured. After the 1 956 season, Jackie was sold to the New York Giants which not long after became the Los Angels Giants. Unfortunately Jackie felt that it was time for him to retire so on January 5 1 957 at the age of 37 he did. He wanted to either manage or coach a team but he didnt receive any offers so instead he became a businessman and the Vice- President of the Chock Full Of Nuts Corporation. In the 1960 election he undistributed to the presidential campaign for Herbert Humphrey.

Colonial Rule in Peru

Colonial Rule in Peru In 1533 Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, colonized Peru in order to gain power and westernize the country, changing the dynamics of the land completely. Peru was left decimated, as the Spanish bought diseases with them, killing over 90% of the Inca population. Who Were the Incas? The Incas arrived in 1200 CE, an indigenous group of hunters and gatherers, consisting of Ayllus, a group of families controlled by a Chief, called Curaca. Most Incas did not live in cities as these were used for government purposes, only visiting on business or for religious festivals as they were extremely religious. The Incas economy can be considered prosperous as Peru contained mines producing luxuries like gold and silver and they had one of the most powerful armies at this time, using numerous weapons and recruiting every male capable of military service. The Spanish conquered Peru, with the aim to westernize the country, changing the dynamics of the land completely, similar to the intentions of the other colonial powers during the era of exploration and colonization. In 1527 another Spanish explorer commanding a Spanish ship, saw a raft with 20 Incas on board, was amazed to discover numerous luxuries, including gold and silver. He trained three of the Incas as interpreters as he wished to report his findings, this led to Pizarros expedition in 1529. The Spanish Quest The Spanish were eager to explore, allured by the prospect of a rich country. For some, like Pizarro and his brothers, it enabled them to escape from the impoverished community of Extremadura, in Western Spain. The Spanish additionally wished to gain prestige and power in Europe, previously conquering the Aztec Kingdom, Mexico in 1521 and started to conquer Central America in 1524. During his third expedition to Peru, Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru in 1533 after executing the last Inca Emperor, Atahualpa. He had been aided by a civil war occurring between two Incan brothers, sons of a Sapa Inca. Pizarro was assassinated in 1541 when Almagro was made new Peruvian Governor. On 28th July 1821, Peru became independent from colonial rule, after an Argentinian soldier, called San Martin, conquered the Spanish in Peru. Spanish colonization led to Spanish becoming the main language in Peru. The Spanish altered the countrys demographics and left their mark, for example, the Spanish coat of arms still remains a symbol for Peru after being given it by Spanish King Charles 1 in 1537. At What Price?   The Spanish brought diseases with them, killing numerous Incas including the Inca Emperor. The Incas caught malaria, measles, and smallpox as they had no natural immunity. N. D. Cook (1981) showed Peru encountered a 93% population decrease as a result of Spanish colonization. However, Incas did pass syphilis onto the Spanish in return. The diseases killed vast amounts of the Inca population; more Incas dyed from diseases than on the battlefield. The Spanish also accomplished their aim to spread Catholicism in Peru, with about four-fifths of the population of Peru today as Roman Catholic. Perus education system now includes the whole population, differing from focusing on the ruling class during colonial rule. This benefited Peru greatly, now having a 90% literacy rate, contrasting to the illiterate and poor Incas during Spanish rule, therefore not capable of advancing as a country. Overall, the Spanish succeeded in their aim to change Perus demographics completely. They forced the Catholic religion on Incas, remaining the same today and keeping Spanish as the main language. They killed vast amounts of the Inca population due to diseases from Europe, destroying the Inca population and used racial tension to create a hierarchy system with the Incas at the bottom. The Spanish also influenced Peru greatly as they gave it its name, originating from a misunderstanding of the Indian name of river.

Research paper-Art history-Choir & apse of San Vitale Essay

Research paper-Art history-Choir & apse of San Vitale - Essay Example The mosaic method has been discovered to be in use in Mesopotamia as early as the fourth millennium B. C and many researchers also feel that mosaics may have origins in imitating the various carpets and tapestries that abounded. (Anthony 27) This paper will discuss three such mosaics: the aspe and choir at San Vitale, the Deesis Mosaic of Christ flanked by the Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist and Christ enthroned, the apsidal mosaic in the basilica of Saint Paul’s. Each of these is representational of their religious affiliation as well as their historic and cultural context in which they were created. There is also a sense of humility when faced with these works. The creation of the mosaic itself is somehow representational of the many facets of the art and of the religious tradition it represents. While certainly lacking in depth of filed and light/shadow, the mosaics represent in this sense a divine use of an inner light, a creativity in the weaving of the image that can be achieved in no other art form. One author refers to this Inner Light as, â€Å"The vibrancy of effect produced by decidedly broken color creates a definite esthetic stimulant which in the right surroundings, quickens religious emotion† (Anthony 37). The juxtaposition of varying pieces of glass and fragments of tile create a quality that the mind sees almost as moving and alive, something that seems to touch the soul and heart as well as the eye. This resonance lends itself well to the feeling of spiritual and religious passions. The figures represented are perceived as symbolic icons, which already produces an immediate religious invocation only to be enhanced further by mosaic’s shapes and often brilliant colors. The first mosaic under discussion is found in the Basilica of San Vitale located in Raveena, Italy. The church was consecrated in 547AD and the Archbishop

Denver's Halloween riot( Colorado History the centennial state ) Essay

Denver's Halloween riot( Colorado History the centennial state ) - Essay Example The Chinese first settled in Colorado during the 1860s; they were drawn there by the completion of the transcontinental railroad and demand for cheap labor (Hall 77). They existed amidst poverty, wretched living conditions, and persecution, and they mostly worked in mines, laundries, and as house servants. By 1880, hostilities between other immigrants and the Chinese had intensified as competition between them for jobs increased and opium dens habited by the Chinese getting negative publicity from the local press (Brown 178). The Chinese were accused of invading the state and therefore forcing women into prostitution and men into starvation. There were accusations that California had already been ruined by Chinese labor and that Colorado was then threatened with similar disaster (Historical Findings 18). One week after the Rocky Mountain News reported about the looming disaster in Colorado due to Chinese invasion, Halloween riot erupted in Denver. The riot began when a group of four drunken white men attacked Chinese men who were playing pool along Wazee Street at John Asmussen’s salon (Brown 179). Soon after, a crowd of about three thousand started throwing bricks and breaking into the homes and stores of the Chinese. Attempts by the police to calm the riot were futile as they were vastly outnumbered by the crowd and were not able to stop the growing violence. As a result of the riot, Chinese homes and business in the area were gutted (Hall 85). Denver’s Halloween riot is important in history of Colorado; even though the riot did not immediately end the struggles with underlying issues of racism, it helped to address the challenge of racial prejudice in the long run (Brown 180). Since then Colorado has grew to be among the top states for business. In 2010, it was rank ed as the third top state for business falling behind Texas and Virginia. The state has been able to overcome the challenge of

Benefits and Drawbacks of Divesting Fossil Fuel Company

Benefits and Drawbacks of Divesting Fossil Fuel Company The environmental issues is the main trend that is concerned by most of the organization worldwide. Those concerns spread through the activist group and are affecting financial sector as well. By pressurizing universities endowment fund to divest the fossil fuel companies, the activists urge for the funds to invest responsibly by moving their money out of the non-environmental friendly companies. They aim to indirectly create the new market norms and change the way people perceive those companies which will stigmatized them if they do not adapt to the more innovative and more sustainable ways of doing business. However, the fiduciary duty of the financial professionals is a big issue to be discussed if the fund manager will consider divesting fossil fuel companies on whether there is a conflict on investing responsibly and maximizing profit or not. By the definition of the fiduciary duty, Boatright (2008) explained that A fiduciary duty may be defined as the duty of a person in a position of trust to act solely in the interest of the beneficiary, without gaining any material benefit except with the knowledge and consent of this person. We may need to reinterpret its definition in accordance to the ongoing situation in order to see if we can add the environmental and sustainable elements to this duty without compromising the sole existing definition of the fiduciary duty itself. I have done research on the topics about this, and here are the advantages, disadvantages, and some discussion on the fiduciary duty on divesting from fossil fuel firms. Divesting from fossil fuel companies is likely to yield three main advantages. Firstly, it may encourage the change toward more innovative and sustainable form of fuel. There was a proverb stated that The stone age did not end when we ran out of stones this is to say that when we discover a better form of fossil fuel substitution, it will be no longer the main form of fuel for our world. For example, the development of alternative energy source. By divesting from those companies, we can stimulate them to intensify their research and development in order to move on to more sustainable fuel. After their successful adaptation, those stocks may become attractive for investing responsibly again and we may reinvest in their stocks. Secondly, according to Smith Schools Stranded Assets (2013), we can indirectly influence the market by changing their norms, which is the last stage the activists hope to archive, affecting their ability to finance themselves in both debt and equity. By doing this, all fossil fuel company in the sector will be affected by the wave created by norm changing. This will result in the same way as the first advantage, but on a lot bigger scale, because the market itself is the main force that can directly affect the stock price. Thirdly, the research by Hoepner and Schopohl (2016) shows that there are no difference in terms of risk and return between the portfolio that excluding some sectors of stocks and the traditional portfolio that does not has any constrains. However, the exclusion portfolio in this research only excludes the securities after they are accused of violating the code of ethics. This findings is a very solid reason for divesting fossil fuel companies, as many people believe that these firms can generate higher return for their portfolio. By getting indifferent return, people will be motivated to seek for abnormal return opportunities by moving their money to more innovative firms with higher growth potential. These advantages can benefit the university and the students by signaling to the whole nation that our university would like to take the leading role in tackling with global warming and other environmental issues. This can also potentially use for a marketing purpose of the university, as it may ranked the university up for being seriously concerned about environment and may attract more scholars and academics in this particular area to joining the university. The university may also benefit from the new investment perspective of its endowment fund, as it can gives higher profit if invest properly. This will enhance the ability to fund any new project which will definitely benefit both university and students, the university can provide better facility for learning and the students will be get a more competitive edge from learning in such environment. There are also three disadvantages for divesting from fossil fuel companies. Firstly, the universitys endowment fund cannot heavily affect the shares price of those firms due to the low proportion of the funds holding in this sector. The Stranded Assets by Smith School (2013) shows that the average university endowment fund in the USA hold the fossil fuel companies stocks for about 2% of their fund, and about 4% in the UKs. This proportion cannot significantly affect the stock price even though the funds liquidate all of their portion. Moreover, there may be some players that are willing to immediately buy these stocks after the fund sold their shares, as the price will be attractive for that period of time. Therefore, the university cannot hope to directly impact the market trend solely on this activity. Secondly, such activity may incur additional transaction cost generated by this activity to the fund itself, which may decrease its profit for some period, especially for the University of Reading, which 12.7% of the endowment fund is invested in fossil fuel related companies. If the trustee of the fund could not find any attractive investment opportunity, this movement will do more harm than good, at least in short term, to the fund and the university. Thirdly, to see the significant effect of this divestment, we will have to be patience. The impact on the sector would not be observable within one or two years, the university is likely to suffer from the divestment, again if the fund managers could not find attractive investment alternatives. Moreover, there are no distinct lists of the targeted company that is not environmental responsible to divest, which means that this will increase the marginal cost for the fund to do the research on those fossil fuel companies to divest. I also believe that divestment is not a solution for climate change, as stated in the article Why Fossil Fuel Divestment is a Misguiding Tactic by The Guardian (2015) as this is can be only served as a mean for increasing peoples awareness about the issue and it can be considered only a symbolic act while the real threats to the climate such as deforestation, short-lived greenhouse gas, halocarbon are still exist. These disadvantages will affect the university in terms of the opportunity cost, which comes in the form of less financial supports, as the fund may not yield as what it used to provide. This may result in lower scholarship for students and lower capacity to fund the researches. I also believe that by divesting its holding in fossil fuel companies, the university also give up its right as the owner of the companies which means that the university cannot influence the companies to move into a more sustainable way that may eventually increase the benefits to the shareholders. For the issues about the fiduciary duty of the trustee, as I stated before, the trustee should aim to provide their beneficiary with highest benefit. Therefore, it should hope to maximize the profit of this endowment fund. I completely agree with Drew Fausts Fossil Fuel Divestment Statement to the members of the Harvard Community (2013) on the topic that the universitys endowment fund has a single purpose, to support the academic mission, and it should not be used for any other purposes. To put the fund in any political position is to put the university in a risky position, as the money in the fund are from philanthropists with different view in politics. However, they share the same perspective in funding academic advancement, taking side in this political activity may result in fund withdrawal from the disagreed benefactors. I insist that fossil fuel divestment will breach the fiduciary duty of the endowment funds trustee, the fund must remain politically neutral to secure the risk position of the university and to serve the funds only single purpose. If the fund is going to divest, it should be a strategic adjustment of the portfolio in order to maximizing profit for the university, not for expressing the view on the particular topic in the society. On the other hand, I agree with the activists view about thinking long-term, not through the channel of divesting. Divestment is, in my opinion, meaningless as we still use the fossil fuel in our everyday life, such as our car petrol, our electricity which is produced by fossil fuel or even our home heating system powered by gas. We can act with long-term attitude by implementing a more productive ways such as influencing the current fossil fuel firms as a shareholder to move them to the good direction, fueling the breakthrough research about alternative energy and fuel, funding for innovative architecture and engineering. All of these ways can be originated from a good academic institution, their research, and proper funding is crucial for the growth of the academics. Hence, the trustee should put their best effort in the fund to keep advancing the academic goals. The campaigns should not about the fossil fuel alone, it should aim to tackle all of the problem stated above to be trul y archive the solution to the environmental problems. I believe the conflict in fiduciary duty can be solved by the fund manager try to take part in the fossil fuel company that the fund invested in through voting rights and keep monitor their use of fund through the companys report. The endowment fund should also keep looking for the new investment strategy which involve alternative energies and other responsible firm in a case that those companies could give higher yield than the current fossil fuel firm, then that would create a win-win situation for the fund, the university, and the students. The other good way is forming the new committee to keep reviewing if the fund invest sustainably and responsible, This committee may consist of students from the university and specialized fund manager. This method is already implemented by some leading American university such as Harvard. Finally, I recommend the University of Readings endowment fund not to divest for the stated reasons. I would suggest the fund to keep monitor the company, keep being aware of the situation in the market and use the recommendations stated above. While the environment issues are the important concerns for everyone, one should not focus only on the companies, but should focus also the people. People are the one responsible for the climate change and should be educated about the problem properly, in order to change their mind set to make it become more responsible for their selfish actions that caused climate change. I insist that the interest of the beneficiary is still remains an undisputed duty of the trustee and the fund managers must put their full effort to see it happen. References   Ã‚   Andreas G. F. Hoepner, L. S. (2016). On the Price of Morals in Markets: An Empirical Study of the Swedish AP-funds and the Norwegian Government Pension Fund. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2828040. Atif Ansar, B. C. (2013). Stranded assets. Oxford: Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford. Faust, D. (2013, October 3). Fossil Fuel Divestment Statement. Retrieved from Harvard University: http://www.harvard.edu/president/news/2013/fossil-fuel-divestment-statement Hulme, M. (2015, April 17). Why fossil fuel divestment is a misguided tactic. Retrieved from The Guardian: www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/17/why-fossil-fuel-divestment-is-a-misguided-tactic