Jack Roosevelt Robinson free essay sample

From at a young age Jackie was very into sports and due to this fact he was very upset with he and his family moving. This move however did not inhibit his ambition to be an athlete though. He played baseball, basketball, football, and ran track while attending the University of California in Los Angels. He was one of the top players on the football team as well as the only athlete to letter in four different sports. Unfortunately Jackie left college before getting a chance to graduate due to financial problems but not before meeting his future wife Rachel.After his departure from UCLA he began working for the National Youth Administration at a work camp but it soon closed down and in 1941 he joined the Honolulu Bears, a professional football team in Honolulu Hawaii. He was then drafted into the U. S. Army where he was refused admission to the Officer Candidate School. We will write a custom essay sample on Jack Roosevelt Robinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He fought this until he was finally accepted and graduated as a first lieutenant. He was in the Army from 1941 until 1944 and was stationed in Kansas and Fort Hood, Texas.During the time he was stationed in Kansas he worked with a boxer named Joe Louis so that he could eight against unfair treatment towards African-Americans in the military and when training in Fort Hood, Texas he refused to go to the back of the public bus and was court-martial for insubordination. Due to this he never made it to Europe with his unit and in 1944 he received an honorable discharge. After he left the Army he joined the Kansas City Monarchs, an all African American baseball team inside of the Negro League.Due to low pay and constant traveling he decided he did not want to make baseball a career even though he was one of the top players. Until 1947 only white players were allowed in Major League Baseball but in 1945 Clyde Superhero who was a scout for Branch Rickety who was the Brooklyn Dodgers club president had been looking for an African-American player and was watching Jackie fo r a while. Rickety signed Jackie to play for the Dodgers minor league team named the Montreal Royals. Jackie was emotionally tired but he enjoyed and appreciated all the support from the fans in this Canadian city because it was so different from the verbal abuse he had before experienced. Jackie Robinson was 27 years Old with an extremely bad temper when he finally Egan playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Rickety went to Jackie with an agreement. He simply asked him to try to control his temper for the first few years and he even called him bad names in which he knew would be yelled Jackasss way in order for him understand the kind of abuse he would be facing.With that, Jackie Robinson agreed and this was the beginning of a very big change in baseball history. The movie 42 begins in 1946. Jackie played his first game on April 15, 1 947 playing first base. He played first base for his entire rookie year but most of his career was spent playing second base. There were many games where he also played third base and outfield. Jackie so far had kept his agreement with Rickety until during a game the umpire said to him, go back to the jungle you little Niger! When this caused him to punch the umpire in the face. After this incident many of the Dodger players felt uncomfortable playing with Jackie and told Dodger management that they would rather strike then play with a black man like Jackie. This madness ended once management told the players that if they truly felt that way they were more than welcome to look for jobs elsewhere. Jackie became close friends with fellow teammate Pee Wee Reese. In a game with Cincinnati the players started yelling things to Jackie and then to Pee Wee. Pee Wee heard one of the players yell, How can you play with this Niger? so Pee Wee walked over to Jackie who was standing at first base, smiled and put his arm around him. The two then became known as a defensive team but of course the harassment did not stop there. Both players and fans continued to verbally harass him. Some pitchers threw balls at him Sometimes even at his head. Base runners attempted to cut him with their elate. One team in particular; the Philadelphia Phillips were extremely abusive with the support of their manager who was Ben Chapman.When the Dodgers played the Phillips on April 22nd the Phillips players continuously yelled at Jackie making upsetting remarks at him. It was not long after that Baseball Commissioner A. B. Happy Chandler admonished the Phillips and asked Jackie to pose for a picture with Chapman. He thought it would make good publicity. Although neither Jackie nor Chapman refused it was something neither of the two truly wanted to do. Jackie made the Major League Baseball minimum salary of 55,000 his rookie year. It is to be said that he played 151 games hit . 97, was the league leader of stolen bases with a total of 29 and nine times stealing home base. He was awarded Rookie of the Year and in 1 949 was awarded by the National League as Most Valuable Player and batting leader with a . 342. In 1955 Jackie was on the downside of his career but it was during his prime that he had finally became respected as a player. He had led the Dodgers to their first World Series in 1 947 with 5 following short after. His Major League career was very short considering he entered the Major League at age 27.This was difficult because as he aged he became easily injured. After the 1 956 season, Jackie was sold to the New York Giants which not long after became the Los Angels Giants. Unfortunately Jackie felt that it was time for him to retire so on January 5 1 957 at the age of 37 he did. He wanted to either manage or coach a team but he didnt receive any offers so instead he became a businessman and the Vice- President of the Chock Full Of Nuts Corporation. In the 1960 election he undistributed to the presidential campaign for Herbert Humphrey.

Colonial Rule in Peru

Colonial Rule in Peru In 1533 Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador, colonized Peru in order to gain power and westernize the country, changing the dynamics of the land completely. Peru was left decimated, as the Spanish bought diseases with them, killing over 90% of the Inca population. Who Were the Incas? The Incas arrived in 1200 CE, an indigenous group of hunters and gatherers, consisting of Ayllus, a group of families controlled by a Chief, called Curaca. Most Incas did not live in cities as these were used for government purposes, only visiting on business or for religious festivals as they were extremely religious. The Incas economy can be considered prosperous as Peru contained mines producing luxuries like gold and silver and they had one of the most powerful armies at this time, using numerous weapons and recruiting every male capable of military service. The Spanish conquered Peru, with the aim to westernize the country, changing the dynamics of the land completely, similar to the intentions of the other colonial powers during the era of exploration and colonization. In 1527 another Spanish explorer commanding a Spanish ship, saw a raft with 20 Incas on board, was amazed to discover numerous luxuries, including gold and silver. He trained three of the Incas as interpreters as he wished to report his findings, this led to Pizarros expedition in 1529. The Spanish Quest The Spanish were eager to explore, allured by the prospect of a rich country. For some, like Pizarro and his brothers, it enabled them to escape from the impoverished community of Extremadura, in Western Spain. The Spanish additionally wished to gain prestige and power in Europe, previously conquering the Aztec Kingdom, Mexico in 1521 and started to conquer Central America in 1524. During his third expedition to Peru, Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru in 1533 after executing the last Inca Emperor, Atahualpa. He had been aided by a civil war occurring between two Incan brothers, sons of a Sapa Inca. Pizarro was assassinated in 1541 when Almagro was made new Peruvian Governor. On 28th July 1821, Peru became independent from colonial rule, after an Argentinian soldier, called San Martin, conquered the Spanish in Peru. Spanish colonization led to Spanish becoming the main language in Peru. The Spanish altered the countrys demographics and left their mark, for example, the Spanish coat of arms still remains a symbol for Peru after being given it by Spanish King Charles 1 in 1537. At What Price?   The Spanish brought diseases with them, killing numerous Incas including the Inca Emperor. The Incas caught malaria, measles, and smallpox as they had no natural immunity. N. D. Cook (1981) showed Peru encountered a 93% population decrease as a result of Spanish colonization. However, Incas did pass syphilis onto the Spanish in return. The diseases killed vast amounts of the Inca population; more Incas dyed from diseases than on the battlefield. The Spanish also accomplished their aim to spread Catholicism in Peru, with about four-fifths of the population of Peru today as Roman Catholic. Perus education system now includes the whole population, differing from focusing on the ruling class during colonial rule. This benefited Peru greatly, now having a 90% literacy rate, contrasting to the illiterate and poor Incas during Spanish rule, therefore not capable of advancing as a country. Overall, the Spanish succeeded in their aim to change Perus demographics completely. They forced the Catholic religion on Incas, remaining the same today and keeping Spanish as the main language. They killed vast amounts of the Inca population due to diseases from Europe, destroying the Inca population and used racial tension to create a hierarchy system with the Incas at the bottom. The Spanish also influenced Peru greatly as they gave it its name, originating from a misunderstanding of the Indian name of river.